Abstract: Unsafe tap water remains a critical public health challenge, particularly in regions with inadequate infrastructure and poor water treatment systems. This review explores the health risks associated with common contaminants in tap water, including arsenic, lead, fluoride, nitrates, and pathogens. Chronic exposure to these pollutants contributes to severe health outcomes such as cancers, neurological disorders, developmental delays, and cardiovascular diseases. The findings underscore the urgent need for improved water quality management, regulatory interventions, and public awareness to mitigate these risks and promote equitable access to safe drinking water.