Abstract: Background: Despite the implementation of the Comprehensive Newborn Care Protocol (CNCP) in Kenya to standardize neonatal care, adherence by healthcare providers remains inconsistent, particularly at County Referral Hospitals. This contributes to preventable neonatal morbidity and mortality, with Kenya recording a neonatal mortality rate of 21 deaths per 1,000 live births. Variability in CNCP adherence is attributed to gaps in provider knowledge, clinical competency, and systemic barriers such as inadequate training, limited mentorship, and resource constraints.