Abstract: Groundwater is the primary source of drinking and irrigation water in semi-arid regions where annual rainfall is limited to 400–500 mm and summer temperatures often exceed 45°C. In Haryana’s Mahendergarh District, more than 90% of the rural population depends entirely on groundwater, making water quality a major public health concern. Literature reveals that fluoride contamination is widespread, with reported concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 6.6 mg/L, of which 63% exceed the WHO guideline of 1.5 mg/L and 85% surpass the BIS limit of 1.0 mg/L.