Abstract: Afghanistan is an agrarian country and agriculture is the mainstay of national economy and rural livelihood. Majority of the farmers are engaged in subsistence farming and wheat is their main producing cereal crop. This study assessed the potential factors affecting low wheat productivity and large yield gaps in different production systems using a comparative stochastic frontier production function model. The study is documented on cross-sectional data of 235 randomly selected wheat growers in Ahmad Aba and Said Karam district of Paktia, Afghanistan.