Abstract: In Akobo County, Jonglei State, land governance and resource tenure have also become a critical point of contestation considering South Sudan federalism setup. As such, land and natural resource management remain central to the socio-economic development and stability of the region. However, the harmonious inter-relations between pastoralist communities and land tenure policies with environmental sustainability are fast becoming causes of heightened tensions and resource-based conflicts. While the federal structure is a transition towards a devolution of governance, in some instances, it has perpetuated land ownership or usage rights conflicts, notably in those more rural communities that depend on the pastoral lifestyle for income. This paper explores how federalism can shape resource tenure and land governance in Akobo County, raising questions over whether such an arrangement fosters cohesion or conflict. The study found that there is a lack of explicit rules and systems at county level, a gap in land policy communication, and more effective policies on resource use regulation. Despite the conflicts of land tenure policy and customary law, the level of disputes between state governments and local communities remains relatively low, showing the potential for its continuity in cooperation. The study recommends that the state government step up its efforts and assistance to the community, emphasizing thorough training programs, larger resource distribution, and proactive policy engagement that attends to the particular requirements of subsistence farmers. Study recommends the enactment of appropriate systems and regulations that govern resource tenure at the county levels.