Abstract: The smallholder farmers indigenous soil moisture conservation practices in the semi-arid lands of Kenya go through different experiences in dry and wet seasons. Temporal weather variations that characterize in the name of erratic rainfall, prolonged dry spells, and fluctuating temperatures dictate the effectiveness of the soil moisture conservation practices. Researches on farmer-managed systems have not established clear time-based patterns that show when farmers build their soil moisture conservation systems and use and repair them and make changes to their systems. Therefore, this paper shares findings from a study on the seasonal practices and challenges in establishing, using and managing soil moisture conservation methods in semi-arid regions. A total of 60 small scale agropastoralist farmers in the Ikanga-Kyatune Ward in Kitui County, Kenya were involved in the research. The study used structured questionnaires in data collection and descriptive statistics in analysis. The study results show that the majority (80%) of the farmers create soil conservation structures during the dry seasons as the most convenient period in readiness to collect and store moisture during the wet seasons. 76% of the farmers of the use the local agricultural calendar for the structures maintenance activities to pave way for crops planting. The main challenge resulting from the seasonal weather variations emanates from moisture evaporation losses as experienced by 78 percent of farmers. Damages by pests is associated by 45% of the farmers to weather changes with moisture presence attracting the problem. Farmers show adaptive abilities with 28 percent of them embracing new techniques, characterized by system redesign that appropriately retains moisture retention in the soil. 72% of the study participants were found not to make any changes in the designs despite the challenges faced which are associated to low knowledge skills and economic positions. The study concludes that temporal