Abstract: The aim of this study is to expand on the role and relevance of Geoscientists in improving economic development and national security through nuclear resources exploration, exploitation, supply, application, safety assessment and security. Geoscientists follow paths of exploration and discovery in quest to finding solutions to some of the societys most challenging problems which include sustainable energy supply, climate change, food insecurity, crime and high poverty level amongst others. When nuclear and radioactive materials are not properly explored and exploited they can have adverse effect and security implications on people, property and the environment. In the light of the above, the mission of nuclear related organizations including the World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the Nigerian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (NNRA) amongst others and the role of the Geoscientists in the domestic and industrial applications of nuclear and other radioactive materials will be enumerated. Nuclear and other radioactive sources are used in key sectors of the world economy.