Abstract: Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disorder resulting in irregularly regulating red blood cells also called as sickled cells leading to serious conditions like stroke, acute chest syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, organ damage, blindness and skin ulcers. Several mutations in HBB gene can cause sickle cell disease. Persons with sickle cell anemia can inherit infected genes from both parents. Despite a variable disease severity, individuals affected require regular health care from childhood all the way to adult age. This review, highlights the increased susceptibility to infections, the genetic factors and preventive measures to overcome various complications and challenges for sickle cell anemia.