Abstract: In view of the environmental impacts of crude Oil exploration and production, it has caused more adverse impact than its beneficial desired end in the oil-bearing enclaves of Melut basin in the Republic of South Sudan. Crude oil exploitation has had and continues to have a deleterious impact on the environment in the region adversely impacting on the people inhabiting the area ever since its discovery in the 1970s. This review paper dwells much on the analysis of secondary source data such as gray literature, journals and primary data (field reports) on the environmental and social impacts of oil exploration and production on Melut basin.