Abstract: The Indus Valley in Pakistan, straddling along the River Indus, from the fertile plains of Punjab to the lower course of Sindh along, was the first cradle of civilization in the subcontinent, emerging in 2000 years BC. The hand basin is divided from that of the Ganges by a desert known as Cholistan in Bahawalpur Division, and Thar in Sindh. It is a part of Great Indian Desert, called Marusthali or Region of Death. Cholistan's rich history dates back to the civilizations that flourished along the banks of the Hakra River. Cholistan has not always been a desert. It is separated from the central region of Bahawalpur Division by a sadness called Hakra, which at one time carried the waters of a large river, which flowed all around its length and breadth. Thus the area was fertile, well cultivated, and well-populated till the early twentieth century, when with the changes in the courses of the river Sutlej and Sindh took place and curved it into a sandy infertile land.